Forging processes Forging is a controlled plastic deformation process in which the work material is compressed between two dies using either impact or gradual pressure to form the part. Forging operation carried out usually at an elevated temperature. It is the oldest metal forming operation date back to perhaps 5000 B.C. Forging can be classified in many different ways: hot forging, warm forging, and cold forging. In the forging, either impact load or gradual loads are applied. A forging machine that applies the impact load is called a forging hammer and the one that applies gradual pressure is called a forging press. Another classification of forging is done based on the degree to which the flow of the work material is constrained in the dies. Based on this, forging is classified as:
Open die forging: The work is compressed in two flat dies thereby allowing the metal to flow in the lateral direction without restriction.
Impression-die forging: The die surfaces contain a shape or an impression that is imparted to the work during compression, thus putting constraints on the metal to a certain degree.
Flash less forging: In this type of operation, a portion of the work metal flows beyond the die impression to form flash. In flash less forging, the work is completely constrained within the die and no excess flash is produced.
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